Integration Formulas

Integration formulas can be applied for the integration of algebraic expressions, trigonometric ratios, inverse trigonometric functions, and logarithmic and exponential functions. The integration of functions results in the original functions for which the derivatives were obtained. These integration formulas are used to find the antiderivative of a function. If we differentiate a function f in an interval I, then we get a family of functions in I. If the values of functions are known in I, then we can determine the function f. This inverse process of differentiation is called integration.

Let's move further and learn about integration formulas used in the integration techniques.

The integration formulas have been broadly presented as the following sets of formulas. The formulas include basic integration formulas, integration of trigonometric ratios, inverse trigonometric functions, the product of functions, and some advanced set of integration formulas. Basically, integration is a way of uniting the part to find a whole. It is the inverse operation of differentiation. Thus the basic integration formula is ∫ f'(x) dx = f(x) + C. Using this, the following integration formulas are derived.

Let us discuss these formulas in detail.

Using the fundamental theorems of integrals, there are generalized results obtained which are remembered as integration formulas in indefinite integration.

• ∫ xⁿ dx = x^{(n + 1)}/(n + 1)+ C
• ∫ 1 dx = x + C
• ∫ e^x dx = e^x + C
• ∫ 1/x dx = log |x| + C
• ∫ a^x dx = a^x /log a+ C
• ∫ e^x [f(x) + f'(x)] dx = e^x f(x) + C

The process of finding the integral is integration. Here are a few important integration formulas remembered for instant and speedy calculations. When it comes to trigonometric functions, we simplify them and rewrite them as functions that are integrable. Here is a list of trigonometric and inverse trigonometric functions.

• ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
• ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
• ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C
• ∫ cosec²x dx = -cot x + C
• ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
• ∫ cosec x cot x dx = -cosec x + C
• ∫ tan x dx = log |sec x| + C
• ∫ cot x dx = log |sin x| + C
• ∫ sec x dx = log |sec x + tan x| + C
• ∫ cosec x dx = log |cosec x - cot x| + C

Here are the integral formulas that lead to/give the result in the form of inverse trigonometric functions.

• ∫1/√(1 - x²) dx = sin^-1x + C
• ∫ 1/√(1 - x²) dx = -cos^-1x + C
• ∫1/(1 + x²) dx = tan^-1x + C
• ∫ 1/(1 + x² ) dx = -cot^-1x + C
• ∫ 1/x√(x² - 1) dx = sec^-1x + C
• ∫ 1/x√(x² - 1) dx = -cosec^-1 x + C

Here are some advanced integral formulas that we may come across while solving the problems of integration.

• ∫1/(x² - a²) dx = 1/2a log|(x - a)(x + a| + C
• ∫ 1/(a² - x²) dx =1/2a log|(a + x)(a - x)| + C
• ∫1/(x² + a²) dx = 1/a tan^-1x/a + C
• ∫1/√(x² - a²)dx = log |x +√(x² - a²)| + C
• ∫ √(x² - a²) dx = x/2 √(x² - a²) -a²/2 log |x + √(x² - a²)| + C
• ∫1/√(a² - x²) dx = sin^-1 x/a + C
• ∫√(a² - x²) dx = x/2 √(a² - x²) dx + a²/2 sin^-1 x/a + C
• ∫1/√(x² + a² ) dx = log |x + √(x² + a²)| + C
• ∫ √(x² + a² ) dx = x/2 √(x² + a² )+ a²/2 log |x + √(x² + a²)| + C

There are 3 types of integration methods and each method is applied with its own unique techniques involved in finding the integrals. They are the standardized results. They can be remembered as integration formulas.

Integration by parts formula:

When the given function is a product of two functions, we apply this integration by parts formula or partial integration and evaluate the integral. The integration formula while using partial integration is given as:

∫ f(x) g(x) dx = f(x) ∫g(x) dx - ∫ (∫f'(x) g(x) dx) dx + C

For example: ∫ xe^x dx is of the form ∫ f(x) g(x) dx. Thus we apply the appropriate integration formula and evaluate the integral.

f(x) = x and g(x) = e^x

Thus ∫ xe^x dx = x ∫e^x dx - ∫( 1 ∫e^x dx) dx+ c

= xe^x - e^x + c

Integration by substitution formula:

When a function is a function of another function, then we apply the integration formula for substitution. If I = ∫ f(x) dx, where x = g(t) so that dx/dt = g'(t), then we write dx = g'(t)

We can write I = ∫ f(x) dx = ∫ f(g(t)) g'(t) dt

For example: Consider ∫ (3x +2)⁴ dx

We can use the integration formula of substitution here. Let u = (3x+2) ⇒ du = 3 dx.

Thus ∫ (3x +2)⁴ dx = 1/3 ∫(u)⁴ du

= 1/3. u⁵ /5 = u⁵ /15

= (3x+2)⁵ /15

Integration by partial fractions formula:

If we need to find the integral of P(x)/Q(x) that is an improper fraction, wherein the degree of P(x) < that of Q(x), then we use integration by partial fractions. We split the fraction using partial fraction decomposition as P(x)/Q(x) = T(x) + P₁ (x)/ Q(x), where T(x) is a polynomial in x and P₁ (x)/ Q(x) is a proper rational function. If A, B, and C are the real numbers, then we have the following types of simpler partial fractions that are associated with various types of rational functions.

For example: ∫ 3x+7/ x² -3x + 2

Resolving it into partial fractions, we get

3x+7/ x² -3x + 2 = A/(x-2) + B/ (x-1)

= A(x-1) + B(x-2)/ (x-2)(x-1)

Equating the numerators, we get 3x +7 = A(x-1)+B(x-2)

Find B by giving x = 1⇒ 10 = B

Find A by giving x = 2⇒ 13 = A

Thus 3x+7/ x² -3x + 2 = 13/(x-2) + 10(x-1)

Applying the integration formulas, we get

∫ (3x+7/ x² -3x + 2) = ∫ 13/(x-2) + ∫ 10(x-1)

∫ (3x+7/ x² -3x + 2) = 13 log |x-2| - 10 log |x-1| + C

In general, there are two types of integrals. They are definite and indefinite integrals.

Definite Integration Formula

These are the integrations that have a pre-existing value of limits; thus making the final value of integral definite.

∫_a^b g(x) dx = G(b) - G(a), where g(x) = G'(x).

Indefinite Integration Formula

These are the integrations that do not have a pre-existing value of limits; thus making the final value of integral indefinite. Here, C is the integration constant. ∫ g'(x) = g(x) + C

These are followed by the fundamental theorem of calculus.

We apply the integration formulas discussed so far, in approximating the area bounded by the curves, in evaluating the average distance, velocity and acceleration-oriented problems, in finding the average value of a function, to approximate the volume and the surface area of the solids, in finding the center of mass and work, in estimating the arc length, in finding the kinetic energy of a moving object using improper integrals.

Let us compute the distance traveled by an object using integration formulas. We know that distance is the definite integral of velocity.

Given: the velocity of an object = v(t)= -t² + 5t. Let us find the displacement traveled on (1,3).

The initial and the final positions of the object are 1 and 3 respectively. Hence apply the integration formula here with the limits. ∫_a^b g(x) dx = G(b) - G(a)

∫₁³ v(t)) dt = v(3) - v(1)

∫₁³ v(t)= ∫₁³(-t²) dt +∫₁³ 5t

= -t³/3 + 5t² /2 |₁³

= [(-27/3 - (-1/3)) + (45/2 - 5/2)]

= 34/3

Displacement = 34/3 units.

Let us see how to use the indefinite integration formulas in the following solved examples.

What is the Integration Formulas or Integral UV Used for?

The integral UV is used to integrate the product of two functions. The integration formula as per this rule is ∫u v dx = u∫v dx −∫u' (∫v dx) dx. Here, u is the function u(x) and v is the function v(x)

What is the Use of Integration Formulas?

The integration is used to find the area of any objects. Real-life examples are to find the center of mass of an object, center of gravity, and mass moment of Inertia for a sports utility vehicle. It is also used for calculating the velocity and trajectory of an object, predicting the alignment of planets, and in electromagnetism. Use integration formulas in all these cases.

What are Integration Techniques Involved in Integration Formulas?

Substitution, integration by parts, reverse chain rule, and partial fraction expansion are a few integration techniques.

What is The Integration Formula of Integral UV?

The formula for integral UV is used to integrate the product of two functions. The integration formula of UV form is given as ∫ u dv = uv-∫ v du.

What are The Integration Formulas For Trigonometric Functions?

The trigonometric functions are simplified into integrable functions and then their integrals are evaluated. The basic integration formulas for trigonometric functions are as follows.

• ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
• ∫ sin x dx = -cos x + C
• ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C
• ∫ cosec²x dx = -cot x + C
• ∫ sec x.tan x dx = sec x + C
• ∫ cosec x.cot x dx = -cosec x + C
• ∫ tan x dx = log|sec x| + C
• ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C
• ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
• ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x - cot x| + C

How Do You apply Integration formulas to Find The Integrate log x?

∫ log(x) dx is of the UV form. Apply integration formula by parts rule.

1) Identify uv: Take u= log(x) and dv = 1 . dx ⇒ du = 1/x and v = x

2) Apply formula: ∫ uv dx = uv -∫ vdu

= x. log(x) - ∫ x. 1/x

= x log(x) - x + C

3) Simplify and evaluate the integral.